Table 5 Tissue engineering applications of keratin-based biomaterials
From: Recent advances in preparation and biomedical applications of keratin based biomaterials
Composition | Keratin source | Biomaterial type | Properties and function | Applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Keratin and fibrinogen | Human hair | Hydrogels | Suitable for controlled protein delivery. | Skin tissue regeneration | [78] |
PCL (poly(ε-caprolactone) and keratin | - | Mats | These mats accelerated the migration and growth of human vein endothelial cells and displayed excellent blood compatibility with antibacterial properties in rabbit study models. | Vascular tissue regeneration. | [77] |
Collagen and keratin | Human hair | Hydrogel | Co-transplantation of C2C12 cells with the combination of Collagen and keratin can promote myogenesis in muscle injury sites. The generation of de novo muscle fibres in biceps femoris of mice was observed that received the combination of cells and hydrogels after 15 days. | Skeletal muscles regeneration | [81] |
Keratin and gelatin | Human hair | Scaffolds | These scaffolds accelerated myogenesis with significant expression of myogenin mRNA and enhanced myotube development. | Skeletal muscles regeneration | [122] |
γ-PGA and keratin | Human hair | Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds (ENS) | The cells can grow and stick to the ENS in in-vitro studies. The mouse fibroblasts cells could also grow and proliferate on these scaffolds. | Tissue engineering | [46] |
Phosphobetainized keratin (PK) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) | Human hair | Nanofibrous mats | Biocomposite mats selectively enhanced adhesion, migration, and growth of endothelial cells while suppressed proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the presence of glutathione (GSH) and GSNO due to the catalytic generation of NO. These mats exhibited good blood anticoagulant activity by reducing platelet adhesion, prolonging blood clotting time, and inhibiting hemolysis. | Vascular tissue engineering | [61] |
Keratin and chitosan | Human hair | Hydrogels | The cell viability of more than 80% was observed in hydrogels prepared with varied concentrations of chitosan, KAP and KIFs . These hydrogels showed negligible cytotoxicity against the L929 fibroblasts cells. | Tissue engineering | [65] |
Polylactic acid (PLA), keratin and chitosan | Human hair and chicken feathers’ barbs | Scaffolds | PLA-Keratin feathers scaffolds at 0.5 wt.% showed the best cell growth. | Tissue engineering | [98] |
Gelatin and Keratin | Poultry feathers | Scaffolds | MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells could proliferate and grow within the scaffolds. Cells grown on electrospun biomaterial showed less stress than the one grown on casted films. | Tissue engineering | [88] |
Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/wool keratin | Wool | Electrospun membrane | Sustained release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from bFGF-loaded PLGA/wool keratin composite membranes can be maintained for 28 d. These membrane loaded with bFGF promoted adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLDFs). | Tissue engineering | [148] |
Fibroin and Keratin and vanillin | Human hair | Spongy scaffolds | Vanillin-loaded scaffolds presented a clear zone of inhibition against both E. coli and S. aureus in a dose dependent manner. | Tissue engineering | [145] |
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and keratin | Chicken feather | Scaffolds | PHB scaffolds with up to 20% keratin had better mechanical properties with increased cell attachment and proliferation than scaffolds composed of PHB alone. | Tissue engineering | [146] |