Table 1 Summary of methods used for fabrication of keratin based nanofiber for biomedical applications

Electrospining technique

Polycaprolactone/sodium sulphate alginate-polyvinyl alcohol (PCL/SSA)-PVA

Diabetic wound dressing /healing, drug delivery

[2]

Wool keratin, after reduction /oxidation of disulphide bond

Thioglycolic acid, dithiothreiotol and 2-mercaptoethanol

Fabrication of scaffold for tissue engineering and filtration devices

[91]

Electrospinning method

N,N-dimethilformamide (DMF) polymer solution

Drug delivery system, energy sector, textile, cosmatics

[84]

Feather keratin (FK)/PVA composite nanofiber electrospinning

Chitosan, poly e-caprolacton (PCl), formic acid and acetone

Antimicrobial active packaging, heavy metal ion absorption tissue engineering, wound dressing

[41]

PVA-Keratin nanofiber (PK-NF) using electrospinning technique

PVA, beta-mercaptoethanol, tris–HCl and SDS

Tissue engineering and drug delivery

[1]

Hydrolyzed keratin-based biomaterial and electrospinning process

γ-glycidyloxy-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (GPTMS) Gelatine – keratin hydrolizates solution

Development of in-vitro tissue model, skin tissue engineering

[36]

Sulphitolysis, a green method

PVA, polybutylene succinate, (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly lactic acid (PLA), gelatin

Dental implants, wound dressing, Producing nanofiber with antibacterial properties

[81]

Alkaline method for keratin extraction

Keratin dialysate (aq) and alkaline keratin dialysate

Wound healing of corneal epithelial was observed in vitro

[32]

K/PVA and K/PVA-PLA nanofiber using electrospinning method

Dichloromethane, Polylactic acid, Zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide

Pathogen killing (antimicrobial & antifungal property)

[74]

Electrospinning nanofiber

Mupirocin loaded core–shell pluronic-pectin-keratin nanofibers

Pluronic, pectin, dimethyl thiazole diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) powder

Skin tissue repair, Wound healing

[64]