Table 1 Recent advances in biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass

Softwood sawdust

Formic acid organosolv and steam gasification

-

Hydrogen

56.3 vol% and a yield of 40 g_h2/kg_cellulose

[83]

Wheat straw

-

Lipopeptide biosurfactants facilitating the microbial

Degradation of lignocellulose and inducing enzymatic hydrolysis, anaerobic dark fermentation

Biohydrogen

4.50 mmol H₂/ g

[84]

Lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose

-

Ni₂P/CdS for simultaneously heightening photocatalytic

Hydrogen

From lignin (322.8 µmol/h/g), cellulose (534.3 µmol/h/g), hemicellulose (382.2 µmol/h/g)

[85, 86]

Coffee and pineapple skins

Alkaline H₂O₂ pre-treatment

Dark fermentation

Hydrogen

47.99 ml/gvs (coffee skin)

91.80 ml/gvs (pineapple skin)

[86]

Corn stover

80 ◦C pre-incubation

Simultaneus saccharification fermentation (Cellulase, xylanase, and pectinase, Thermotoga maritima/ Dark fermentation

Hydrogen

60 ml H₂/g bimass

[75]

Agave bagasse

Ozonolysis/Enzymatic hydrolysis (independent and combined processes)

Anaerobic digestion

Biohydrogen, methane

9 – 81 L H₂/kg dry bagasse

73–163 CH₄/kg dry bagasse

[78]

Cacao pod husk

Acid hydrolysis

Dark fermentation

Biohydrogen

257.05 ml H₂/L

[87]

Sorghum leaves

Green liquor-inorganic salt /microwave

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

Bioethanol

Biohydrogen

12.16 g ethanol /l, 78.44 ml H₂/g sugar (from effluent of ethanol production)

[88]

Rice straw

Organosolv-NaOH and sulfuric acid-NaOH/Nano-silica particles

Dark fermentation

Biohydrogen

63.8 ml H₂ /g rice straw

[79]

Psidium guajava leaves

Hydrothermal treatment/ diluted sulfuric acid

ABE fermentation

Biobutanol

5.5 g/L

[89]

Corn stover

Diluted sulfuric acid/enzymatic hydrolysis

Non-detoxified hydrolyzed co-fermentation

Ethanol/butanol

24.0 g/L ABE (20.8 g/L ethanol and 2.4 g/L butanol)

[90]

Sugarcane bagasse, corncob and pine supplemented with wheat bran

Enzymatic hydrolysis

ABE fermentation

Butanol

14.51 g butanol/L

[70, 85]

Bamboo

Sodium hydroxide

Abe fermentation process/co-fermentation

Ethanol/butanol

0.5 g/l butanol, 1.3 g/l butyric acid, and 0.3 g/l ethanol

[91]

Wheat straw

Diluted sulfuric acid/Enzymatic hydrolysis

ABE Fermentation of detoxified hydrolysate

Butanol Ethanol

7.42 g/L butanol, 12.97 g/L acetone–butanol–ethanol

[92]

Rice husk

Deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride and urea)

ABE fermentation

Butanol

4.7 g/L

[93]

Rice straw

Sodium hydroxide/NPs CuS/Cu₂S/semiconductor nanoparticles

Butyrate-butanol fermentation

Butanol

14.6 g/L

[94]

Rice husk and wheat husk

Ionic liquid (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate—EMIM oac)/Enzymatic hydrolysis

Yeast fermentation

Ethanol

24.28 g/L

[95]

Giant reed

Alkaline (Sodium hydroxide)/Enzymatic hydrolysis

Yeast fermentation

Ethanol

8.63 g/L

[92]

Corn-stalk

Ionic liquid

([BHEM]mesy- glycol system)/Enzymatic hydrolysis

Fed-batch fermentation

Ethanol

93 g/L

[77]

Sugarcane trash (dry leaves, green leaves, and tops)/ jatropha (shell and seed cake)

Hydrogen peroxide / sodium hydroxide/Enzymatic saccharification

Yeast fermentation

Ethnaol

325.4 mg/g dry biomass

[76]