Table 4 Recent advances in biochar production

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)

Biochar coated with Fe3O4

-

-

-

234.46

Magnetic biochar for methylene blue adsorption

[145]

Softwood pellet, Oak, Oilseed rape straw, Miscanthus straw pellet, and Wheat straw pellets

700

12–15 min

79–103

451–1061

Supercapacitor electrode

[146]

Wheat straw

Pretreatment with cellulase

-

-

-

-

Adsorption of bisphenol A

[147]

Coconut shell

Slow pyrolysis

350, 500, 700

30, 90 min

-

-

Methylene blue adsorption

[148]

Residue of corn stover from ethanol production

Slow pyrolysis

500

2 h

5

3.0–8.0

Methylene blue adsorption

[149]

Corn stalk

Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis

-

-

-

1697.3

Dye and chemical removal

[150]

Apple pruning

KOK as activator. Slow pyrolysis

900

2 h

20

1176.5 (1 step)

1297.2 (2 steps)

Methylene blue adsorption

[151]

Wood and waste wook of oak and larch

Pretreated with NaOH, low pyrolysis

600

1 h

-

403.18 (oak)

481.18 (larch)

Ibuprofen adsorption

[152]

Oil palm trunks

Pretreated with NaOH and sodium chlorite. Slow pyrolysis

500

3 h

28.8

3.27

Methylene blue adsorption

[153]

Almond, walnut, and peanut shells

Slow pyrolysis

500

2 h

20

-

Magnetic solid-phase extraction of naproxen

[154]

Sugarcane bagasse

Pretreated with KOH

800

2 h

5

1061.7

Cu (II) removal

[155]

Raw olive pomace

(Impregned with Olive

mill wastewater)

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and slow pyrolysis (PY)

180,200,220 (HTC)

400,500,600 (PY)

24 h (HTC)1 h (PY)

10 (HTC)

5 (PY)

-

Biofertilizer and for removal of anionic contaminants such orthophosphates,

[156]

Hornbeam wood chips

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), pyrolysis (PY) and torrefaction (TO)

225—575

-

-

-

[143]

Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and Pinewood

-

350 − 650

60

20

-

Capacitor

[157, 158]

Empty Fruit Bunch

Torrefaction

225–300

20–60

-

-

Solid fuel (HHV: 20 MJ/kg, EY: 89%)

[158]

Walnut shell and pearl mile

Torrefaction. Nitrogen atmosphere

230–300

30 – 90 min

-

-

Solid fuel (HHV: 27 MJ/kg). Adsorbent, biocomposite, soil and plant conditioner

[159]

Spent coffee ground

Torrefaction

250, 300

10,20,30 min

-

-

Solid fuel with increased HHV

[160]

Sesame stalks (SS) and Bean husk (BH) and

Torrefaction

200, 225, 250, 275, and 300

30, 60

-

-

Solid fuel

SS (20.5 MJ/kg), BH (16.2 MJ/k)

[161]