Table 1 Overview of common ocular diseases its definition, mechanism, factor affecting, sign and symptoms

Cataract

Cataracts, a common lens disorder affecting its transparency, are the primary cause of reversible blindness globally

Oxidative stress leads to protein aggregation, depletion of antioxidants, and dysfunction of Na + /K + ATPase, which causes damage to lens transparency. UV exposure, diabetes, and aging worsen protein misfolding, hydration imbalance, and fiber degeneration, impairing vision

Aging, UV exposure, oxidative stress, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, prolonged steroid use, genetic predisposition, poor nutrition, and systemic diseases like hypertension

Blurred vision, glare, halos, difficulty seeing at night, and fading colors

[37]

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that, regardless of IOP level, is characterized by a particular pattern of visual field abnormalities and a distinctive look of the optic disc

Glaucoma is distinguished by optic nerve injury and progressive vision loss as a result of increasing intraocular pressure caused by inadequate aqueous humor outflow or overproduction

Increased intraocular pressure, age, family history, ethnicity, eye injuries, high blood pressure, diabetes, certain medications, and poor blood circulation to the optic nerve

Progressive vision loss, peripheral vision impairment, eye discomfort, headache, and blurred vision

[38]

Age-related macular degeneration

AMD is a impairment of the retina and choroid that results in a substantial decrease in visual acuity, or sharpness of vision

AMD is defined by the buildup of drusen, retinal pigment epithelium degeneration and choroidal neovascularization, which cause retinal damage, diminished central vision, and gradual loss of visual acuity

Aging, smoking, high-fat diet, genetics, UV light exposure, cardiovascular diseases, and family history

Blurred central vision, difficulty reading, distorted images, and gradual loss of visual acuity

[39]

Diabetic retinopathy

DR is a retinal vascular disease that affects people with diabetes mellitus

DR is caused by extended high blood sugar, which damages the retina's blood vessels, causing leakage, bleeding, ischemia, and neovascularization, thereby impairing vision and potentially leading to blindness

Poor blood sugar control, hypertension, duration of diabetes, high cholesterol, and smoking

Blurry vision, floaters, dark spots, difficulty seeing at night, and eventual vision loss

[40]

Atopic dermatitis (AD)

Chronic inflammatory skin disorder known as AD may manifest with ocular comorbidities like conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis

Ocular AD is characterized by immune dysfunction with elevated IgE and activation of T cells, thereby leading to inflammation, dysfunctional skin barrier, and ocular surface irritation that results in itching, redness, and dryness

Genetics, environmental allergens, immune system dysfunction, skin barrier impairment, and irritant exposure

Itchy, red, swollen eyelids, dry eyes, conjunctivitis, and skin changes around the eyes

[41]

Corneal disorders

Corneal disorders encompass a wide range of conditions such as inflammations, corneal dystrophies, corneal ectasis affecting the cornea, the transparent outer layer of the eye

Keratitis is a common condition characterised by inflammation of the cornea, often caused by infections or injuries, while corneal dystrophies are an inherited conditions that cause progressive changes in the cornea. Conditions like keratoconus involve thinning and bulging of cornea, leading to vision distortion indication of corneal ectasia

This corneal disorders are influenced by a variety of factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic. In addition, environmental factors such as dry and windy conditions can exacerbate conditions like dry eye syndrome

Inflammation, and other associated condition to eye

Blepharitis

Blepharitis is a chronic inflammation of eyelids characterized by redness, swelling, and irritations

It typically affects both eyes and is not contagious. The condition often results from clogged oil glands near the eyelashes, leading to symptoms such as itchy, watery, and red eyes, along with crusted eyelashes and sensitivity to light

This is a chronic inflammation of eyelids, is influences by several factors including intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Additionally life style factors such as prolonged contact lense wear, exposure to irritants like dust and chemicals and hormonal changes can increase the risk of developing blepharitis

Itchy, watery, and red eyes, along with crusted eyelashes and sensitivity to light

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids

The condition can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or irritants. Symptoms vary depending on the cause but typically include red or pink eyes, watery or thick discharge, and sensitivity to light

The conjunctivitis is generally not serious and rarely affects vision, but it can be contagious, especially in viral and bacterial forms

It is characterized by redness, itching, and a gritty sensations in the eye